EC Basics

Endometrial cancer (EC) is a type of uterine cancer that begins in the lining of  the uterus, called the endometrium.

Here are some frequently asked questions (FAQs) about EC and their answers.

What causes EC?

No one knows the exact cause of EC. However, it is strongly linked to high levels of the hormone estrogen without enough progesterone. Other factors that may increase the risk of EC include early menstruation, late menopause, never having been pregnant, advanced age, obesity and use of the drug tamoxifen for breast cancer.

How common is EC?

EC is the fourth most common cancer among women in the US. According to the American Cancer Society, in 2025, around 69,120 women are expected to be diagnosed with EC, and 13,860 women are expected to die from the disease.

Does EC have a genetic component?

A family history of EC or colorectal cancer may be associated with an increased risk of EC. A genetic condition called Lynch syndrome is associated with an increased risk of EC and other cancers.

Is there a screening program for EC?

Currently, there is no screening program for EC. However, in high-risk groups such as those with Lynch syndrome, a gynecologic examination is recommended once a year. 

What are the early signs of EC?

The early signs of EC may include abnormal vaginal bleeding, especially after menopause, vaginal spotting and unusual vaginal discharge. However, having these signs does not necessarily mean you have EC. It is important to see a doctor to rule out other potential causes.

How do doctors know it is EC?

Doctors can use a number of tests to identify abnormalities, like a physical examination and imaging studies like transvaginal ultrasound or hysteroscopy. However, a definitive diagnosis can only be reached by taking a tissue sample (biopsy) of the endometrium and examining it under a microscope.

Are there any treatments for EC?

EC can be treated with surgical removal of the uterus, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, targeted therapies, or immunotherapy. The treatment choice depends on the stage and type of EC. 

Are there any clinical trials? 

There are a number of clinical trials testing potential new therapies for EC. Patients should talk with their healthcare provider before taking part in a clinical trial to learn more about the possible risks and benefits.

What follow-up is needed after treatment?

A physical examination is recommended every three to six months for the first two to three years after the treatment of EC. This can be reduced to an examination every six months to one year for up to five years and every year after that.

What is the outlook like?

The five-year overall survival in EC is as high as 95% if the cancer has not spread outside the uterus, meaning that 95% of women diagnosed with the disease are still alive five years later. 

However, the outlook can be worse if the cancer has spread to other parts of the body, with five-year survival rates as low as 17%.

Are there any support groups?

There are many organizations that can offer support for people affected by EC and other gynecological cancers. In the U.S., these include the American Cancer Society, Cancer Care, Imerman Angels and Share Cancer Support.